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Answer : D

Overview of Basel II Approaches for Operational Risk

Basel II introduced three main approaches to calculating capital requirements for operational risk:

Basic Indicator Approach (BIA)

The Standardized Approach (TSA)

Advanced Measurement Approach (AMA)

Why Answer D is Correct

Alternative Measurement Approach (AMA) is not a recognized Basel II approach.

The correct term under Basel II was Advanced Measurement Approach (AMA).

Why Other Answers Are Incorrect

Option

Explanation

A . Basic Indicator Approach (BIA).

Correct -- A simple approach where capital is set as a fixed percentage of gross income.

B . The Standardized Approach (TSA).

Correct -- Categorizes operational risk into business lines, each with assigned risk factors.

C . Advanced Measurement Approach (AMA).

Correct -- Uses internal models to calculate capital requirements based on loss data, scenario analysis, and risk controls.

PRMIA Reference for Verification

Basel II Framework for Operational Risk (2004)

PRMIA Risk Management Guidelines

Answer : C

Step 1: Understanding the WorldCom Case

WorldCom was one of the largest U.S. telecom companies before its collapse in 2002 due to fraudulent accounting practices and poor risk management.

The company expanded aggressively through acquisitions but failed to integrate them properly, leading to financial mismanagement and accounting fraud.

Step 2: Why Option C is Correct

WorldCom acquired over 60 companies in a short period without proper integration.

This masked financial problems and led to $11 billion in fraudulent accounting adjustments.

PRMIA and risk management frameworks stress that poor integration after rapid acquisitions increases operational and financial risks.

Step 3: Why the Other Options Are Incorrect

Option A ('Risk models and mortgage underwriting') Incorrect because this describes the 2008 financial crisis, not WorldCom.

Option B ('Lack of a CRO during IPO') Incorrect because WorldCom was well-established before its fraud---CRO absence was not the main issue.

Option D ('Unauthorized derivatives trading') Incorrect because WorldCom's failure was due to fraudulent accounting, not derivatives.

PRMIA Risk Reference Used:

PRMIA Corporate Governance Guidelines -- Discusses risks of poor post-merger integration.

SEC Investigation on WorldCom (2002) -- Identified fraudulent accounting due to failed acquisitions.

Answer : B

Step 1: Role of a Risk Function

A Risk Function ensures that an organization follows best practices in risk governance, assessment, and control implementation.

It should be aligned with the board's risk strategy and ensure independent oversight.

Step 2: Why Option B is Correct

The board sets the overall risk strategy, and the risk function implements risk controls accordingly.

PRMIA emphasizes board oversight as the guiding force behind risk management.

Step 3: Why the Other Options Are Incorrect

Option A ('Implement management's direction') Incorrect because risk oversight should be board-driven, not solely management-driven.

Option C ('Ensure opinions are listened to') Incorrect because risk functions enforce policies, not just share opinions.

Option D ('Lower risk-taking to zero') Incorrect because risk-taking is necessary for growth---excessive risk aversion harms business.

PRMIA Risk Reference Used:

PRMIA Risk Governance Framework -- Highlights board oversight in risk management.

Basel III Risk Management Standards -- Emphasizes board-driven risk controls.

Final Conclusion:

The Risk Function must follow the board's direction in implementing risk controls, making Option B the correct answer.

Answer : C, C

Step 1: Key Elements of a Well-Designed Policy Document

A well-designed policy should include:

Scope -- Who the policy applies to.

Exception Handling -- How and where exceptions should be requested.

Accountability -- Who is responsible for enforcement.

Step 2: Why Option C is Correct

A policy must clearly define exceptions and the process for requesting them.

It should also define areas where the policy does not apply to avoid confusion.

Step 3: Why the Other Options Are Incorrect

Option A ('List of exceptions for board members' families') Incorrect because policies should apply consistently to all stakeholders.

Option B ('List of acceptable fonts and margin types') Incorrect because formatting is secondary to content clarity.

Option D ('To whom the policy applies and an additional management report') Incorrect because policy scope should not include unnecessary reports.

PRMIA Risk Reference Used:

PRMIA Policy Writing Guidelines -- Defines policy structure and exception handling.

ISO 19600 Compliance Management Standard -- Supports clear, well-documented policies.

Final Conclusion:

A well-designed policy clearly defines exceptions and their handling process, making Option C the correct answer.

Answer : B

Step 1: What Is a Risk Assessment Workshop?

A risk assessment workshop is a structured session where key stakeholders identify, evaluate, and prioritize risks.

Effective workshops require preparation, clear objectives, and structured discussions to ensure meaningful risk analysis.

Step 2: Why Option B is Correct

PRMIA and best practices recommend thorough preparation, including:

Setting objectives

Defining risk categories

Ensuring participation from risk, compliance, and business units

Providing risk assessment tools/templates

Step 3: Why the Other Options Are Incorrect

Option A ('Run spontaneously') Incorrect because lack of preparation leads to poor discussions and missed risks.

Option C ('Risk management should not attend') Incorrect because risk managers provide key expertise to guide discussions.

Option D ('Compliance experts should not attend') Incorrect because compliance provides regulatory insights essential to risk assessment.

PRMIA Risk Reference Used:

PRMIA Risk Assessment Framework -- Recommends structured, well-prepared workshops.

ISO 31000 Risk Management Standard -- Supports proactive workshop planning.

Final Conclusion:

Risk assessment workshops should be well-prepared to ensure meaningful discussions and effective risk identification, making Option B the correct answer.