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Answer : A

Acomputer virusismalicious software (malware)that replicates itself by attaching to legitimateprograms or files. Once activated, viruses can:

Corrupt or delete files.

Spread across networks, infecting multiple systems.

Cause performance issuesor even render a system inoperable.

Unlikeworms, which can spread independently, viruses requirehuman action(e.g., opening an infected file or running an executable).

Answer : A

Ethical hacking, also known aspenetration testing, is a legal and structured process where cybersecurity professionalssimulate attacksto find and fix security vulnerabilities. Ethical hackers:

Identify weaknessesin networks, applications, and infrastructure.

Help organizations strengthen securityby recommending solutions.

Use the same tools as malicious hackers, but with permission and legal authority.

Ethical hacking iswidely used in cybersecurity auditsto protect businesses, governments, and individuals from cyber threats.

Answer : A

Identity theftis themost common type of online fraud, affecting millions of people worldwide each year. Cybercriminals stealpersonal and financial informationto:

Openfraudulent bank accounts.

Makeunauthorized transactionsusing stolen credit card details.

Conductloan fraudor apply for government benefits.

Common methods used for identity theft include:

Phishing attacks(fraudulent emails and fake websites).

Data breaches(hacking into databases to steal personal records).

Social engineering(manipulating people into revealing sensitive data).

Answer : A

According to theNational Retail Federation (NRF), retailers lose between$2 billion and $5 billion annuallydue toOrganized Retail Crime (ORC). ORC involves:

Coordinated theft ringsthat steal large quantities of merchandise.

Reselling stolen goodsvia online marketplaces, flea markets, and social media.

Use of counterfeit receipts and return fraud schemes.

Retailers report that ORC groups are becomingmore sophisticated, using tactics likegift cardfraud, online scams, and employee collusion. These crimes significantly impact the economy, leading to:

Higher costs for businesses.

Increased product prices for consumers.

Security and law enforcement expensesto combat ORC.

Answer : A

Computer-generated evidence must bevalidatedbefore being used in court. Forensic experts employ:

Hashing techniques-- MD5, SHA-256 for data integrity.

Digital signatures and timestamps-- Ensuring authenticity.

Audit trails and access logs-- Tracking modifications.

Without proper validation,altered evidencecan mislead investigations.

McAfee Institute Cyber Evidence Authentication Guide

DOJ Cybercrime Evidence Validation Protocols

Federal Digital Forensic Examination Manual