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Eccouncil Certified Ethical Hacker v13 Exam Dumps

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Question 1

In a large organization, a network security analyst discovered a series of packet captures that seem unusual.

The network operates on a switched Ethernet environment. The security team suspects that an attacker might

be using a sniffer tool. Which technique could the attacker be using to successfully carry out this attack,

considering the switched nature of the network?

AThe attacker might be compromising physical security to plug into the network directly

BThe attacker might be implementing MAC flooding to overwhelm the switch's memory

CThe attacker is probably using a Trojan horse with in-built sniffing capability

DThe attacker might be using passive sniffing, as it provides significant stealth advantages
Explanation:
A sniffer tool is a software or hardware device that can capture and analyze network traffic. In a switched Ethernet environment, where each port on a switch is connected to a single device, a sniffer tool can only see the traffic that is destined for or originated from the device it is attached to. However, an attacker can use various techniques to overcome this limitation and sniff the traffic of other devices on the same network. One of these techniques is MAC flooding, which exploits the finite memory of the switch's MAC address table. The attacker sends a large number of frames with different source MAC addresses to the switch, which fills up the MAC address table and causes the switch to enter a fail-open mode, where it broadcasts all incoming frames to all ports, regardless of the destination MAC address. This way, the attacker can see all the traffic on the network and capture it with a sniffer tool.
The other options are less likely or less effective techniques for sniffing a switched Ethernet network. Compromising physical security to plug into the network directly may allow the attacker to sniff the traffic of the device they are connected to, but not the traffic of other devices on the network. Using a Trojan horse with in-built sniffing capability may allow the attacker to sniff the traffic of the infected device, but not the traffic of other devices on the network, unless the Trojan horse also performs MAC flooding or other techniques to bypass the switch. Using passive sniffing, which involves listening to the network traffic without sending any packets, may provide significant stealth advantages, but it does not help the attacker to see the traffic of other devices on the network, unless the switch is already in fail-open mode or the attacker uses other techniques to induce it.

Reference:
Sniffing: A Beginners Guide In 4 Important Points
How can I run a packet sniffer on a Router or Switch
Detection of Sniffers in an Ethernet Network

Question 2

An organization has been experiencing intrusion attempts despite deploying an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Firewalls. As a Certified Ethical Hacker, you are asked to reinforce the intrusion detection process and recommend a better rule-based approach. The IDS uses Snort rules and the new recommended tool should be able to complement it. You suggest using YARA rules with an additional tool for rule generation. Which of the

following tools would be the best choice for this purpose and why?

AAutoYara - Because it automates the generation of YARA rules from a set of malicious and benign files

ByarGen - Because it generates YARA rules from strings identified in malware files while removing
strings that also appear in goodware files

CYaraRET - Because it helps in reverse engineering Trojans to generate YARA rules

Dkoodous - Because it combines social networking with antivirus signatures and YARA rules to detect malware
Explanation:
YARA rules are a powerful way to detect and classify malware based on patterns, signatures, and behaviors. They can be used to complement Snort rules, which are mainly focused on network traffic analysis. However, writing YARA rules manually can be time-consuming and error-prone, especially when dealing with large and diverse malware samples. Therefore, using a tool that can automate or assist the generation of YARA rules can be very helpful for ethical hackers.
Among the four options, yarGen is the best choice for this purpose, because it generates YARA rules from strings identified in malware files while removing strings that also appear in goodware files. This way, yarGen can reduce the false positives and increase the accuracy of the YARA rules. yarGen also supports various features, such as whitelisting, scoring, wildcards, and regular expressions, to improve the quality and efficiency of the YARA rules.
The other options are not as suitable as yarGen for this purpose. AutoYara is a tool that automates the generation of YARA rules from a set of malicious and benign files, but it does not perform any filtering or optimization of the strings, which may result in noisy and ineffective YARA rules. YaraRET is a tool that helps in reverse engineering Trojans to generate YARA rules, but it is limited to a specific type of malware and requires manual intervention and analysis. koodous is a platform that combines social networking with antivirus signatures and YARA rules to detect malware, but it is not a tool for generating YARA rules, rather it is a tool for sharing and collaborating on YARA rules.Reference:
yarGen - A Tool to Generate YARA Rules
YARA Rules: The Basics
Why master YARA: from routine to extreme threat hunting cases

Question 3

Your company, Encryptor Corp, is developing a new application that will handle highly sensitive user information. As a cybersecurity specialist, you want to ensure this data is securely stored. The development team proposes a method where data is hashed and then encrypted before storage. However, you want an added layer of security to verify the integrity of the data upon retrieval. Which of the following cryptographic concepts should you propose to the team?

AImplement a block cipher mode of operation.

Ba digital signature mechanism.

CSuggest using salt with hashing.

DSwitch to elliptic curve cryptography.
Explanation:
A digital signature mechanism is a cryptographic concept that you should propose to the team to verify the integrity of the data upon retrieval. A digital signature mechanism works as follows:
A digital signature is a mathematical scheme that allows the sender of a message to sign the message with their private key, and allows the receiver of the message to verify the signature with the sender's public key. A digital signature provides two security services: authentication and non-repudiation.Authentication means that the receiver can confirm the identity of the sender, and non-repudiation means that the sender cannot deny sending the message12.
A digital signature mechanism consists of three algorithms: key generation, signing, and verification. Key generation produces a pair of keys: a private key for the sender and a public key for the receiver. Signing takes the message and the private key as inputs, and outputs a signature.Verification takes the message, the signature, and the public key as inputs, and outputs a boolean value indicating whether the signature is valid or not12.
A digital signature mechanism can be implemented using various cryptographic techniques, such as hash-based signatures, RSA signatures, or elliptic curve signatures. A common method is to use a hash function to compress the message into a fixed-length digest, and then use an asymmetric encryption algorithm to encrypt the digest with the private key.The encrypted digest is the signature, which can be decrypted with the public key and compared with the hash of the message to verify the integrity12.
A digital signature mechanism can ensure the integrity of the data upon retrieval, because:
A digital signature is unique to the message and the sender, and it cannot be forged or altered by anyone else.If the message or the signature is modified in any way, the verification will fail and the receiver will know that the data is corrupted or tampered with12.
A digital signature is independent of the encryption or hashing of the data, and it can be applied to any type of data, regardless of its format or size. The encryption or hashing of the data can provide confidentiality and efficiency, but they cannot provide integrity or authentication by themselves.A digital signature can complement the encryption or hashing of the data by providing an additional layer of security12.
The other options are not as suitable as option B for the following reasons:
A . Implement a block cipher mode of operation: This option is not relevant because it does not address the integrity verification issue, but the encryption issue. A block cipher mode of operation is a method of applying a block cipher, which is a symmetric encryption algorithm that operates on fixed-length blocks of data, to a variable-length message. A block cipher mode of operation can provide different security properties, such as confidentiality, integrity, or authenticity, depending on the mode.However, a block cipher mode of operation cannot provide a digital signature, which is a form of asymmetric encryption that uses a pair of keys3.
C . Suggest using salt with hashing: This option is not sufficient because it does not provide a digital signature, but only a hash value. Salt is a random value that is added to the input of a hash function, which is a one-way function that maps any data to a fixed-length digest. Salt can enhance the security of hashing by making it harder to perform brute-force attacks or dictionary attacks, which are methods of finding the input that produces a given hash value. However, salt cannot provide a digital signature, which is a two-way function that uses a pair of keys to sign and verify a message .
D . Switch to elliptic curve cryptography: This option is not specific because it does not specify a digital signature mechanism, but only a type of cryptography. Elliptic curve cryptography is a branch of cryptography that uses mathematical curves to generate keys and perform operations. Elliptic curve cryptography can be used to implement various cryptographic techniques, such as encryption, hashing, or digital signatures. However, elliptic curve cryptography is not a digital signature mechanism by itself, but rather a tool that can be used to create one .

Question 4

In the process of footprinting a target website, an ethical hacker utilized various tools to gather critical information. The hacker encountered a target site where standard web spiders were ineffective due to a specific file in its root directory. However, they managed to uncover all the files and web pages on the target site, monitoring the resulting incoming and outgoing traffic while browsing the website manually. What technique did the hacker likely employ to achieve this?

AUsing Photon to retrieve archived URLs of the target website from archive.org

BUsing the Netcraft tool to gather website information

CExamining HTML source code and cookies

DUser-directed spidering with tools like Burp Suite and WebScarab
Explanation:
User-directed spidering is a technique that allows the hacker to manually browse the target website and use a proxy or spider tool to capture and analyze the traffic. This way, the hacker can discover hidden or dynamic content that standard web spiders may miss due to a specific file in the root directory, such as robots.txt, that instructs them not to crawl certain pages or directories. User-directed spidering can also help the hacker to bypass authentication or authorization mechanisms, as well as identify vulnerabilities or sensitive information in the target website. User-directed spidering can be performed with tools like Burp Suite and WebScarab, which are web application security testing tools that can intercept, modify, and replay HTTP requests and responses, as well as perform various attacks and scans on the target website.
The other options are not likely to achieve the same results as user-directed spidering. Using Photon to retrieve archived URLs of the target website from archive.org may provide some historical information about the website, but it may not reflect the current state or content of the website. Using the Netcraft tool to gather website information may provide some general information about the website, such as its IP address, domain name, server software, or hosting provider, but it may not reveal the specific files or web pages on the website. Examining HTML source code and cookies may provide some clues about the website's structure, functionality, or user preferences, but it may not expose the hidden or dynamic content that user-directed spidering can discover.Reference:
User Directed Spidering with Burp
Web Spidering - What Are Web Crawlers & How to Control Them
Web Security: Recon
Mapping the Application for Penetrating Web Applications --- 1

Question 5

A penetration tester is tasked with gathering information about the subdomains of a target organization's website. The tester needs a versatile and efficient solution for the task. Which of the following options would be the most effective method to accomplish this goal?

AEmploying a tool like Sublist3r, which is designed to enumerate the subdomains of websites using OSINT

BAnalyzing Linkedin profiles to find employees of the target company and their job titles

CUtilizing the Harvester tool to extract email addresses related to the target domain using a search engine like Google or Bing

DUsing a people search service, such as Spokeo or Intelius, to gather information about the employees of the target organization
Explanation:
Employing a tool like Sublist3r, which is designed to enumerate the subdomains of websites using OSINT, would be the most effective method to accomplish this goal. This option works as follows:
Sublist3r is a python tool designed to enumerate subdomains of websites using OSINT (Open Source Intelligence). It helps penetration testers and bug hunters collect and gather subdomains for the domain they are targeting. Sublist3r enumerates subdomains using many search engines such as Google, Yahoo, Bing, Baidu, and Ask. Sublist3r also enumerates subdomains using Netcraft, Virustotal, ThreatCrowd, DNSdumpster, and ReverseDNS.Subbrute was integrated with Sublist3r to increase the possibility of finding more subdomains using bruteforce with an improved wordlist1.
By using Sublist3r, the tester can quickly and efficiently discover the subdomains of the target organization's website, which can provide valuable information about the network structure, the services offered, the potential vulnerabilities, and the attack surface.Sublist3r can also be used to perform passive reconnaissance, which does not send any packets to the target domain, and thus avoids detection by the target organization12.
The other options are not as effective as option A for the following reasons:
B . Analyzing Linkedin profiles to find employees of the target company and their job titles: This option is not relevant because it does not address the subdomain enumeration task, but the social engineering task. Linkedin is a social networking platform that allows users to create and share their professional profiles, which may include their name, job title, company, skills, education, and contacts. By analyzing Linkedin profiles, the tester may be able to find employees of the target company and their job titles, which can be useful for crafting phishing emails, impersonating employees, or exploiting human weaknesses.However, this option does not help to discover the subdomains of the target organization's website, which is the goal of this scenario3.
C . Utilizing the Harvester tool to extract email addresses related to the target domain using a search engine like Google or Bing: This option is not sufficient because it does not provide a comprehensive list of subdomains, but only a partial list based on email addresses. The Harvester is a tool that can extract email addresses, subdomains, hosts, employee names, open ports, and banners from different public sources, such as search engines, PGP key servers, and SHODAN computer database. By using the Harvester, the tester may be able to extract some email addresses related to the target domain, which can reveal some subdomains, such as mail.target.com or support.target.com.However, this option does not guarantee to find all the subdomains of the target organization's website, as some subdomains may not have any email addresses associated with them, or may not be indexed by the search engines4.
D . Using a people search service, such as Spokeo or Intelius, to gather information about the employees of the target organization: This option is not applicable because it does not address the subdomain enumeration task, but the personal information gathering task. Spokeo and Intelius are people search services that can provide various information about individuals, such as their name, address, phone number, email, social media, criminal records, and financial history. By using these services, the tester may be able to gather information about the employees of the target organization, which can be useful for performing background checks, identity theft, or blackmail.However, this option does not help to discover the subdomains of the target organization's website, which is the goal of this scenario56.

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