The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 (OBRA 1986) established the Programs of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE). One characteristic of the PACE programs is that:
The following statements describe two types of HMOs:
The Elm HMO requires its members to select a PCP but allows the members to go to any other provider on its panel without a referral from the PCP.
The Treble HMO does not require its members to select a PCP. Treble allows its members to go to any doctor, healthcare professional, or facility that is on its panel without a referral from a primary care doctor. However, care outside of Treble's network is not reimbursed unless the provider obtains advance approval from the HMO.
Both HMOs use delegation to transfer certain functions to other organizations. Following the guidelines established by the NCQA, Elm delegated its credentialing activities to the Newnan Group, and the agreement between Elm and Newnan lists the responsibilities of both parties under the agreement. Treble delegated utilization management (UM) to an IP
A health plan has several options for delivering pharmacy services to its subscribers. Each option has potential advantages to a health plan. An advantage to a health plan of using:
In health plan pharmacy networks, service costs consist of two components: costs for services associated with dispensing prescription drugs and costs for cognitive services. Cognitive services typically include:
The following statement(s) can correctly be made about contracting and reimbursement of specialty care physicians (SCPs):